Plastic Ball Patch

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The World s Largest Dump: The Great Pacific Garbage Patch In the central North Pacific, plastic outweighs surface zooplankton 6 to 1.

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  • The Great Pacific garbage patch, also described as the Pacific trash vortex, is a gyre of marine debris particles in the central North Pacific Ocean located roughly.
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The area of increased plastic particles is located within the North Pacific Gyre, one of the five major oceanic gyres.

The Great Pacific garbage patch, also described as the Pacific trash vortex, is a gyre of marine debris particles in the central North Pacific Ocean located roughly between 135 W to 155 W and 35 N and 42 N. 1 The patch extends over an indeterminate area, with estimates ranging very widely depending on the degree of plastic concentration used to define the affected area.

The patch is characterized by exceptionally high relative concentrations of pelagic plastics, chemical sludge and other debris that have been trapped by the currents of the North Pacific Gyre. 2 Despite its enormous size and density 4 particles per cubic meter, the patch is not visible from satellite photography, nor is it necessarily detectable to casual boaters or divers in the area, as it consists primarily of a small increase in suspended, often microscopic particles in the upper water column.

Contents

1 Discovery

2 Formation

3 Estimates of size

4 Photodegradation of plastics

5 Effect on wildlife and humans

6 Microbial degradation

7 Research of cleanup

7.1 2012 Expedition

8 See also

9 References

10 Further reading

11 External links

Discovery edit

The Patch is created in the gyre of the North Pacific Subtropical Convergence Zone

The Great Pacific garbage patch was predicted in a 1988 paper published by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAA of the United States. The prediction was based on results obtained by several Alaska-based researchers between 1985 and 1988 that measured neustonic plastic in the North Pacific Ocean. 3 This research found high concentrations of marine debris accumulating in regions governed by ocean currents. Extrapolating from findings in the Sea of Japan, the researchers hypothesized that similar conditions would occur in other parts of the Pacific where prevailing currents were favorable to the creation of relatively stable waters. They specifically indicated the North Pacific Gyre. 4

Charles J. Moore, returning home through the North Pacific Gyre after competing in the Transpac sailing race in 1999, came upon an enormous stretch of floating debris. Moore alerted the oceanographer Curtis Ebbesmeyer, who subsequently dubbed the region the Eastern Garbage Patch EGP. 5 The area is frequently featured in media reports as an exceptional example of marine pollution. 6

The patch is not easily visible, because it consists of very small pieces that are almost invisible to the naked eye. 7 Most of its contents are suspended beneath the surface of the ocean, 8 and the relatively low density of the plastic debris is, according to one scientific study, 5.1 kilograms per square kilometer of ocean area 5.1 mg/m2. 9

A similar patch of floating plastic debris is found in the Atlantic Ocean, called the North Atlantic garbage patch. 10 11

Formation edit

The north Pacific Garbage Patch on a continuous ocean map

It is thought that, like other areas of concentrated marine debris in the world s oceans, the Great Pacific garbage patch formed gradually as a result of ocean or marine pollution gathered by oceanic currents. 12 The garbage patch occupies a large and relatively stationary region of the North Pacific Ocean bound by the North Pacific Gyre a remote area commonly referred to as the horse latitudes. The gyre s rotational pattern draws in waste material from across the North Pacific Ocean, including coastal waters off North America and Japan. As material is captured in the currents, wind-driven surface currents gradually move floating debris toward the center, trapping it in the region.

There are no strong scientific data concerning the origins of pelagic plastics. dubious – discuss citation needed The figure that an estimated 80 of the garbage comes from land-based sources and 20 from ships is derived from an unsubstantiated estimate. 13 According to a 2011 EPA report, The primary source of marine debris is the improper waste disposal or management of trash and manufacturing products, including plastics e.g., littering, illegal dumping Debris is generated on land at marinas, ports, rivers, harbors, docks, and storm drains. Debris is generated at sea from fishing vessels, stationary platforms and cargo ships. 14 Pollutants range in size from abandoned fishing nets to micro-pellets used in abrasive cleaners. 15 Currents carry debris from the west coast of North America to the gyre in about six years, 16 and debris from the east coast of Asia in a year or less. 17 18 An international research project led by Dr. Hideshige Takada of Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology studying plastic pellets, or nurdles, from beaches around the world may provide further clues about the origins of pelagic plastic. 19

Estimates of size edit

The size of the patch is unknown, as large items readily visible from a boat deck are uncommon. Most debris consists of small plastic particles suspended at or just below the surface, making it impossible to detect by aircraft or satellite. Instead, the size of the patch is determined by sampling. Estimates of size range from 700,000 square kilometres 270,000 sq mi about the size of Texas to more than 15,000,000 square kilometres 5,800,000 sq mi 0.41 to 8.1 of the size of the Pacific Ocean, or, in some media reports, up to twice the size of the continental United States. 20 Such estimates, however, are conjectural given the complexities of sampling and the need to assess findings against other areas. Further, although the size of the patch is determined by a higher-than-normal degree of concentration of pelagic debris, there is no standard for determining the boundary between normal and elevated levels of pollutants to provide a firm estimate of the affected area.

Net-based surveys are less subjective than direct observations but are limited regarding the area that can be sampled net apertures 1–2 m and ships typically have to slow down to deploy nets, requiring dedicated ship s time. The plastic debris sampled is determined by net mesh size, with similar mesh sizes required to make meaningful comparisons among studies. Floating debris typically is sampled with a neuston or manta trawl net lined with 0.33 mm mesh. Given the very high level of spatial clumping in marine litter, large numbers of net tows are required to adequately characterize the average abundance of litter at sea. Long-term changes in plastic meso-litter have been reported using surface net tows: in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre in 1999, plastic abundance was 335 000 items/km2 and 5.1 kg/km2, roughly an order of magnitude greater than samples collected in the 1980s. Similar dramatic increases in plastic debris have been reported off Japan. However, caution is needed in interpreting such findings, because of the problems of extreme spatial heterogeneity, and the need to compare samples from equivalent water masses, which is to say that, if an examination of the same parcel of water a week apart is conducted, an order of magnitude change in plastic concentration could be observed. 21

In August 2009, the Scripps Institution of Oceanography/Project Kaisei SEAPLEX survey mission of the Gyre found that plastic debris was present in 100 consecutive samples taken at varying depths and net sizes along a 1,700 miles 2,700 km path through the patch. The survey also confirmed that, while the debris field does contain large pieces, it is on the whole made up of smaller items that increase in concentration toward the Gyre s centre, and these confetti-like pieces are clearly visible just beneath the surface. Although many media and advocacy reports have suggested that the patch extends over an area larger than the continental U.S., recent research sponsored by the National Science Foundation suggests the affected area may be much smaller. 21 22 23 Recent data collected from Pacific albatross populations suggest there may be two distinct zones of concentrated debris in the Pacific. 24

Photodegradation of plastics edit

Main article: Photodegradation

The Great Pacific garbage patch has one of the highest levels known of plastic particulate suspended in the upper water column. As a result, it is one of several oceanic regions where researchers have studied the effects and impact of plastic photodegradation in the neustonic layer of water. 25 Unlike organic debris, which biodegrades, the photodegraded plastic disintegrates into ever smaller pieces while remaining a polymer. This process continues down to the molecular level. 26 As the plastic flotsam photodegrades into smaller and smaller pieces, it concentrates in the upper water column. As it disintegrates, the plastic ultimately becomes small enough to be ingested by aquatic organisms that reside near the ocean s surface. In this way, plastic may become concentrated in neuston, thereby entering the food chain.

Some plastics decompose within a year of entering the water, leaching potentially toxic chemicals such as bisphenol A, PCBs, and derivatives of polystyrene. 27

The process of disintegration means that the plastic particulate in much of the affected region is too small to be seen. In a 2001 study, researchers including Charles Moore found concentrations of plastic particles at 334,721 pieces per km2 with a mean mass of 5,114 grams 11.27 lbs per km2, in the neuston. Assuming each particle of plastic averaged 5 mm 5 mm 1 mm, this would amount to only 8 m2 per km2 due to small particulates. Nonetheless, this represents a very high amount with respect to the overall ecology of the neuston. In many of the sampled areas, the overall concentration of plastics was seven times greater than the concentration of zooplankton. Samples collected at deeper points in the water column found much lower concentrations of plastic particles primarily monofilament fishing line pieces. 9 Nevertheless, according to the mentioned estimates, only a very small part of the plastic would be near the surface. citation needed

Effect on wildlife and humans edit

Some of these long-lasting plastics end up in the stomachs of marine birds and animals, and their young, 5 28 29 including sea turtles and the black-footed albatross. Midway Atoll receives substantial amounts of marine debris from the patch. Of the 1.5 million Laysan albatrosses that inhabit Midway, nearly all are found to have plastic in their digestive system. 30 Approximately one-third of their chicks die, and many of those deaths are due to being fed plastic from their parents. 31 32 Twenty tons of plastic debris washes up on Midway every year with five tons of that debris being fed to albatross chicks. 33

Besides the particles danger to wildlife, on the microscopic level the floating debris can absorb organic pollutants from seawater, including PCBs, DDT, and PAHs. 34 Aside from toxic effects, 35 when ingested, some of these are mistaken by the endocrine system as estradiol, causing hormone disruption in the affected animal. 32 These toxin-containing plastic pieces are also eaten by jellyfish, which are then eaten by larger fish.

Many of these fish are then consumed by humans, resulting in their ingestion of toxic chemicals. 36

Marine plastics also facilitate the spread of invasive species that attach to floating plastic in one region and drift long distances to colonize other ecosystems. 15

On the macroscopic level, the physical size of the plastic kills fish, birds and turtles as the animals digestion can not break down the plastic that is taking up space inside their stomachs. 37 A second effect of the macroscopic plastic is to make it much more difficult for animals to detect their normal sources of food. While eating their normal source of food, plastic ingestion can be unavoidable.

Research has shown that this plastic marine debris affects at least 267 species worldwide, and a few of the 267 species reside in the North Pacific Gyre. 38

Microbial degradation edit

Bacteria have been found in the plastic-polluted waters of the Sargasso sea that consume plastic; however, it is unknown whether these bacteria ultimately clean up poisons or simply spread them elsewhere in the marine microbial ecosystem. Plastic debris can absorb toxic chemicals from ocean pollution, potentially poisoning anything that eats it. 39

Research of cleanup edit

In April 2008, Richard Sundance Owen, a building contractor and scuba dive instructor, formed the Environmental Cleanup Coalition ECC to address the issue of North Pacific pollution. ECC collaborates with other groups to identify methods to safely remove plastic and persistent organic pollutants from the oceans. 40 41

The JUNK raft project was a trans-Pacific sailing voyage from June to August 2008 made to highlight the plastic in the patch, organized by the Algalita Marine Research Foundation. 42 43 44

Project Kaisei is a project to study and clean up the garbage patch launched in March 2009. In August 2009, two project vessels, the New Horizon and the Kaisei, embarked on a voyage to research the patch and determine the feasibility of commercial scale collection and recycling. 45

The SEAPLEX expedition, a group of researchers from Scripps Institution of Oceanography, spent 19 days on the ocean in August, 2009 researching the patch. Their primary goal was to describe the abundance and distribution of plastic in the gyre in the most rigorous study to date. Researchers were also looking at the impact of plastic on mesopelagic fish, such as lanternfish. 46 47 This group utilized a fully capable dedicated oceanographic research vessel, the 170 ft 52 m long New Horizon. 48

In 2012, Miriam C. Goldstein, Marci Rosenberg, and Lanna Cheng wrote:

Plastic pollution in the form of small particles diameter less than 5 mm termed microplastic has been observed in many parts of the world ocean. They are known to interact with biota on the individual level, e.g. through ingestion, but their population-level impacts are largely unknown. One potential mechanism for microplastic-induced alteration of pelagic ecosystems is through the introduction of hard-substrate habitat to ecosystems where it is naturally rare. Here, we show that microplastic concentrations in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre NPSG have increased by two orders of magnitude in the past four decades, and that this increase has released the pelagic insect Halobates sericeus from substrate limitation for oviposition. High concentrations of microplastic in the NPSG resulted in a positive correlation between H. sericeus and microplastic, and an overall increase in H. sericeus egg densities. Predation on H. sericeus eggs and recent hatchlings may facilitate the transfer of energy between pelagic- and substrate-associated assemblages. The dynamics of hard-substrate-associated organisms may be important to understanding the ecological impacts of oceanic microplastic pollution. 49

The Goldstein et al. study compared changes in small plastic abundance between 1972-1987 and 1999-2010 by using historical samples from the Scripps Pelagic Invertebrate Collection and data from SEAPLEX, a NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer cruise in 2010, information from the Algalita Marine Research Foundation as well as various published papers. 50

At TEDxDelft2012, 51 52 Dutch Aerospace Engineering student Boyan Slat unveiled a concept for removing large amounts of marine debris from the five oceanic gyres. With his concept called The Ocean Cleanup, he proposes a radical clean-up that would use the surface currents to let the debris drift to specially designed arms and collection platforms. This way the running costs would be virtually zero, and the operation would be so efficient that it may even be profitable. The concept makes use of floating booms, that won t catch the debris, but divert it. This way by-catch would be avoided, and even the smallest particles would be extracted. According to Boyan Slat s calculations, a gyre could realistically be cleaned up in five years time, collecting at least 7.25 million tons of plastic combining all gyres. 53 He however does note that an ocean-based cleanup is only half the story, and will therefore have to be paired with radical plastic pollution prevention methods in order to succeed. 53 54

Method, a producer of household products, took the garbage patch as an opportunity and began marketing a dish soap whose container is made partly of recycled ocean plastic. The company sent crews to Hawaiian beaches to recover some of the debris that had washed up. 55

Many artists, such as Marina DeBris, use trash from the garbage patch to create trashion, or clothes made out of trash. The main purpose is to educate people about the garbage patch.

On 11 April 2013 in order to create awareness, artist Maria Cristina Finucci founded The Garbage patch state at UNESCO 56 –Paris in front of Director General Irina Bokova. First of a series of events under the patronage of UNESCO and of Italian Ministry of the Environment. 57

2012 Expedition edit

The 2012 Algalita/5 Gyres Asia Pacific Expedition began in the Marshall Islands on 1 May, investigated the little-studied Western Pacific garbage patch, collecting samples for the 5 Gyres Institute, Algalita Marine Research Foundation and several other colleagues, including NOAA, SCRIPPS, IPRC and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. From 4 October – 9 November 2012, the Sea Education Association SEA conducted a research expedition to study plastic pollution in the North Pacific gyre. A similar research expedition was conducted by SEA in the North Atlantic Ocean in 2010. During the Plastics at SEA 2012 North Pacific Expedition, a total of 118 net tows were conducted and nearly 70,000 pieces of plastic were counted to estimate the density of plastics, map the distribution of plastics in the gyre, and examine the effects of plastic debris on marine life. 58

See also edit

Indian Ocean garbage patch

North Atlantic garbage patch

Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre

Marine debris

Plastic particle water pollution

The blob Chukchi Sea algae

Plastisphere

Plastic pollution

References edit

See the relevant sections below for specific references concerning the discovery and history of the patch. A general overview is provided in Dautel, Susan L. Transoceanic Trash: International and United States Strategies for the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, 3 Golden Gate U. Envtl. L.J. 181 2009

For this and what follows, see Moore 2004 and Moore 2009, which includes photographs taken from the patch,

Day, Robert H.; Shaw, David G.; Ignell, Steven E. 1988. Quantitative distribution and characteristics of neustonic plastic in the North Pacific Ocean. Final Report to US Department of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service, Auke Bay Laboratory. Auke Bay, AK PDF. pp. 247–266. 

After entering the ocean, however, neuston plastic is redistributed by currents and winds. For example, plastic entering the ocean in Japan is moved eastward by the Subarctic Current in Subarctic Water and the Kuroshio in Transitional Water, Kawai 1972; Favorite et al. 1976; Nagata et al. 1986. In this way, the plastic is transported from high-density areas to low-density areas. In addition to this eastward movement, Ekman stress from winds tends to move surface waters from the subarctic and the subtropics toward the Transitional Water mass as a whole see Roden 1970: fig. 5. Because of the convergent nature of this Ekman flow, densities tend to be high in Transitional Water. In addition, the generally convergent nature of water in the North Pacific Central Gyre Masuzawa 1972 should result in high densities there also. Day, etc 1988, p. 261 Emphasis added

a b Moore, Charles November 2003. Across the Pacific Ocean, plastics, plastics, everywhere. Natural History Magazine. 

Berton, Justin 19 October 2007. Continent-size toxic stew of plastic trash fouling swath of Pacific Ocean. San Francisco Chronicle San Francisco: Hearst, published Friday, 19 October. pp. W–8. Retrieved 22 October 2007.  Check date values in: publicationdate help

Cecil Adams Why don t we ever see pictures of the floating island of garbage. Straight Dope / Chicago Reader

Steve Gorman Scientists study huge plastic patch in Pacific Reuters

a b Moore, C.J; Moore, S.L; Leecaster, M.K; Weisberg, S.B 2001. A Comparison of Plastic and Plankton in the North Pacific Central Gyre. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42 12 : 1297–300. doi:10.1016/S0025-326X 01 00114-X. PMID 11827116. 

Lovett, Richard A. 2 March 2010. Huge Garbage Patch Found in Atlantic Too. National Geographic News. National Geographic Society. 

Victoria Gill 24 February 2010. Plastic rubbish blights Atlantic Ocean. BBC. Retrieved 16 March 2010. 

For this and what follows, see David M. Karl, A Sea of Change: Biogeochemical Variability in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, Ecosystems, Vol. 2, No. 3 May – Jun., 1999, pp. 181–214 and, for gyres generally, Sverdrup HU, Johnson MW, Fleming RH. 1946. The oceans, their physics, chemistry and general biology. New York: Prentice-Hall.

Postulated in Moore 2004

Marine Debris in the North Pacific 2011

a b Ferris, David May–June 2009. Message in a bottle. Sierra San Francisco: Sierra Club. Retrieved 13 August 2009. 

Faris, J. and Hart, K. 1994. Seas of Debris: A Summary of the Third International Conference on Marine Debris. N.C. Sea Grant College Program and NOAA. 

Garbage Mass Is Growing in the Pacific. National Public Radio. 28 March 2008. 

International Pellet Watch. Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Dr. Hideshige Takada. Retrieved 27 May 2009. 

Marks, Kathy 5 February 2008. The world s rubbish dump. The Independent London. Retrieved 4 May 2010. 

a b Ryan, P. G.; Moore, C. J.; Van Franeker, J. A.; Moloney, C. L. 2009. Monitoring the abundance of plastic debris in the marine environment. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 1526 : 1999–2012. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0207. JSTOR 40485978. PMC 2873010. PMID 19528052. 

full citation needed

OCEANIC GARBAGE PATCH NOT NEARLY AS BIG AS PORTRAYED IN MEDIA, E2 80 9Cgarbage-patch E2 80 9D-not-nearly-big-portrayed-media

Young, Lindsay C.; Vanderlip, Cynthia; Duffy, David C.; Afanasyev, Vsevolod; Shaffer, Scott A. 2009. Ropert-Coudert, Yan, ed. Bringing Home the Trash: Do Colony-Based Differences in Foraging Distribution Lead to Increased Plastic Ingestion in Laysan Albatrosses.. PLoS ONE 4 10 : e7623. Bibcode:2009PLoSO4.7623Y. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007623. PMC 2762601. PMID 19862322. 

Thompson, R. C.; Olsen, Y; Mitchell, RP; Davis, A; Rowland, SJ; John, AW; McGonigle, D; Russell, AE 2004. Lost at Sea: Where is All the Plastic.. Science 304 5672 : 838. doi:10.1126/science.1094559. PMID 15131299. 

Barnes, D. K. A.; Galgani, F.; Thompson, R. C.; Barlaz, M. 2009. Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 1526 : 1985–98. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0205. JSTOR 40485977. PMC 2873009. PMID 19528051. 

Barry, Carolyn 20 August 2009. Plastic Breaks Down in Ocean, After All – And Fast. National Geographic News. National Geographic Society. Retrieved 30 August 2009. 

Harbour snow dumping dangerous to environment: biologist CBC news

Beached whale in Spain dies from ingesting plastic waste Agence France-Presse 7 March 2013

Chris Jordan 11 November 2009. Midway: Message from the Gyre. Retrieved 2009-11-13. 

Q A: Your Midway questions answered. BBC News. 28 March 2008. Retrieved 5 April 2010. 

a b Moore, Charles 2 October 2002. Great Pacific Garbage Patch. Santa Barbara News-Press. 

Plastic-Filled Albatrosses Are Pollution Canaries in New Doc. Wired. 29 June 2012. Accessed 6-11-13

Rios, Lorena M.; Moore, Charles; Jones, Patrick R. 2007. Persistent organic pollutants carried by synthetic polymers in the ocean environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54 8 : 1230–7. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.03.022. PMID 17532349. 

Tanabe, Shinsuke; Watanabe, Mafumi; Minh, Tu Binh; Kunisue, Tatsuya; Nakanishi, Shigeyuki; Ono, Hitoshi; Tanaka, Hiroyuki 2004. PCDDs, PCDFs, and Coplanar PCBs in Albatross from the North Pacific and Southern Oceans: Levels, Patterns, and Toxicological Implications. Environmental Science Technology 38 2 : 403–13. Bibcode:2004EnST38..403T. doi:10.1021/es034966x. PMID 14750714. 

Rogers, Paul. Pacific Garbage Patch expedition finds plastic, plastic everywhere. The Contra Costa Times Walnut Creek, CA 1 Sep 2009: n. pag. Web. 4 Oct 2009. ci_13258216.nclick_check 1.

Rubber worm ingestion study lost significant weight during the study Page 3

Gwyneth Dickey Zaikab March 2011. Marine microbes digest plastic.  

Bradshaw, Kate 29 January 2009. The Great Garbage Swirl. Maui Time Weekly Maui: Linear Publishing. Retrieved 26 April 2009. 

The Environmental Cleanup Coalition s Gyre Cleanup plan

Yap, Britt 28 August 2008. A raft made of junk crosses Pacific in 3 months. USA Today. Archived from the original on 30 September 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2009. 

Raft made of junk bottles crosses Pacific. msnbc. 28 August 2008. Archived from the original on 30 September 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2009. 

Jeavans, Christine 20 August 2008. Mid-ocean dinner date saves rower. BBC News. Archived from the original on 30 September 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2009. 

Walsh, Bryan 1 August 2009. Expedition Sets Sail to the Great Plastic Vortex. Time. Retrieved 2 August 2009. 

SEAPLEX Day 11 Part 1: Midwater Fish SEAPLEX. Seaplexscience.com. 12 August 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2010. 

Scientists Find Great Pacific Ocean Garbage Patch Press release. National Science Foundation. 27 August 2009. Archived from the original on 28 August 2009. Retrieved 8 August 2013. 

Goldstein, M. C.; Rosenberg, M.; Cheng, L. 2012. Increased oceanic microplastic debris enhances oviposition in an endemic pelagic insect. Biology Letters 8 5 : 817–20. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0298. PMC 3440973. PMID 22573831. 

Writers, Staff; Report, Innovations. Plastic trash altering ocean habitats, Scripps study shows. Retrieved 2012-10-12 

How the oceans can clean themselves - Boyan Slat at TEDxDelft. Retrieved 2012-10-24. 

BOYAN SLAT: THE MARINE LITTER EXTRACTION PROJECT - TEDxDelft. Retrieved 2012-10-24. 

a b Boyan Slat - Marine Litter Extraction In Depth. Retrieved 2012-10-24. 

The Ocean Cleanup. Retrieved 2012-10-24. 

Clean Your Hands and the Pacific. Retrieved 2012-10-12 

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Sea Education Association. Plastics at SEA North Pacific Expedition. Retrieved 2012-12-09. 

Further reading edit

Oliver J. Dameron; Michael Parke; Mark A. Albins; Russell Brainard April 2007. Marine debris accumulation in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands: An examination of rates and processes. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54 4 : 423–433. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.11.019. PMID 17217968. 

Rei Yamashita; Atsushi Tanimura 2007. Floating plastic in the Kuroshio Current area, western North Pacific Ocean. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54 4 : 485–488. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.11.012. PMID 17275038. 

Masahisa Kubota; Katsumi Takayama; Noriyuki Horii 2000. Movement and accumulation of floating marine debris simulated by surface currents derived from satellite data PDF. School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokai University. 

Gregory, M.R.; Ryan, P.G. 1997. Pelagic plastics and other seaborne persistent synthetic debris: a review of Southern Hemisphere perspectives. In Coe, J.M., Rogers, D.B. Marine Debris: Sources, Impacts, Solutions. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 49–66. 

Moore, Charles G.; Phillips, Cassandra 2011. Plastic Ocean. Penguin Group. ISBN 9781452601465. 

Density of plastic particles found in zooplankton trawls from coastal waters of California to the North Pacific Central Gyre – Charles J Moore, Gwen L Lattin and Ann F Zellers 2005

The quantitative distribution and characteristics of neuston plastic in the North Pacific Ocean, 1984–1988 – R H Day, D G Shaw and S E Ignell 1988

Thomas Morton, Oh, This is Great, Humans Have Finally Ruined the Ocean, Vice Magazine, Vol. 6, No. 2 2007, pp. 78–81.

Hohn, Donovan 2011. Moby-Duck: The True Story of 28,800 Bath Toys Lost at Sea. Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-02219-9. 

Hoshaw, Lindsey 9 November 2009. Afloat in the Ocean, Expanding Islands of Trash. New York Times. Retrieved 10 November 2009. 

Newman, Patricia 2014. Plastic, Ahoy. Investigating the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. Millbrook Press. Juvenile Nonfiction.  

External links edit

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Pacific Garbage Patch.

Pacific Garbage Patch – Smithsonian Ocean Portal

Plastic Marine Debris: An in-depth look. Retrieved 7 October 2012. 

Plastic Surf The Unhealthful Afterlife of Toys and Packaging: Small remnants of toys, bottles and packaging persist in the ocean, harming marine life and possibly even us by Jennifer Ackerman Scientific American August 2010

Plastic Paradise Movie – independent documentary by Angela Sun uncovering the mystery of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch known as the Plastic Paradise

The source of the garbage patches, pictures

Irish Examiner article

Coordinates: 38 N 145 W / 38 N 145 W / 38; -145

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Categories: Marine garbage patchesPacific OceanPlastics and the environment1997 in the environment.

Great Pacific garbage patch